Borobudur a hill which sets of ten levels
boddhisattwa virtue
Posted By Drs. Mutawalli,M.Pd.I
Many theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means mountain (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces. In addition there are some other popular etymologies. For example borobudur word comes from the word the Buddha is due to alignment pronounced became borobudur. Another explanation is that the name derives from the two words bara and the beduhur. The word bara supposedly comes from the word temple, while there is also another explanation in which the bara is derived from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning is high, or to remind the Balinese language means above. So the intention is a monastery or a dormitory in the high ground.
Historians J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation to obtain his doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscription Karangtengah and Kahulunan, Casparis predicted the founder of Borobudur is the king of Mataram from Sailendra dynasty called Samaratungga, who did this construction around the year 824 AD. The new giant buildings can be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Borobudur development is expected for half a century. In the Karangtengah inscription mentioned the granting of land sima (tax-free land) by Cri Kahulunan (Pramudawardhani) to maintain Kamūlān called Bhūmisambhāra. The term Kamūlān comes from the word alpha which means place of origin, the shrine to honor the ancestors (possibly the ancestors of the dynasty Sailendra). Casparis estimates that Bhumi Sambhara Bhudhāra in Sanskrit which means a hill set of ten levels boddhisattwa virtue was the original name of Borobudur.
Borobudur Structure
Borobudur temple shaped like a ladder consisting of six levels of a square, three-level circular and a circular main stupa as a peak. Also spread some of the stupa at all levels.
At the tenth level of the Borobudur temple clearly illustrates Mahayana philosophy. Like a book, Borobudur describes ten Bodhisattva levels to go to achieve perfection became the Buddha.On the basis section of Borobudur Temple symbolizes Kamadhatu, the world is still dominated by the kama" or low desire. This section is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of the temple. In the closed structures have an additional 120 panels story of Kammawibhangga. A small portion was made a separate structure so that people can still see the relief in this section.
Four floors with walls that have relief on it by the experts called "Rupadhatu". The floor is rectangular. "Rupadhatu" is a world that is able to break free from lust, but is still bound by the appearance and shape. This level represents the nature of that is, between nature and the natural bottom up. In Rupadhatu, there are Buddha statues in niches above ballustrade wall or hallway. In the fifth to the seventh floor of the temple wall was no relief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means no tangible form or not). Floor plan on the Arupadhatu is circular. This level represents the nature of, where people are free from all desires and the bond forms and shapes, but have not reached nirvana. Buddha statues are placed in the stupa covered with holes as in a cage. From outside the statues were still dim.
The highest level that describes the absence of being was represented by the largest and the highest stupa. This stupa described as plain with no holes. Inside the biggest stupa, ever found Buddha statue that is not perfect or also known as unfinished Buddha, who incorrectly interpret as Adibuddha statue, but through further research there has never been a statue at the main stupa, which was not completed sculpture was a mistake on the ancient sculptors. According to the belief that the statue is not appropriate, in the manufacturing process are not destroyed. Archaeological excavations conducted in this temple this page to find a lot of statues like this.
In the past, several statues of Buddha along with the 30 stone reliefs, two lions, a few stone-shaped "when", stairs and gates are sent to the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn, who visited the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1896 as a gift from "the government Dutch East Indies at that time.
Borobudur has no worship spaces like the other temples. There are long hallways that resembled a narrow street. The hallways surrounding the walled temple level by level. In these corridors, Buddhist expected to do a temple walk around ceremonial to the right. The shape of the building, without room and terraced structure is expected the development of the form ladder-shaped punden, which is the original architectural form of the Indonesia prehistoric.
Borobudur structure when viewed from above form Mandala structure. Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the Interlock system is like Lego blocks that can be attached without glue.At every level carved reliefs on temple walls. These reliefs read as counter-clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit that means is the east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs was tell about the Jataka.
Reading of the stories of these reliefs always begins, and ends on the east side of the gate on each level, starting on the left and right ends of the gate. So that it can be concluded that the east is the main staircase leading to the temple top, this means that the temple faced the east, although each side of the Borobudur temple has the same form.
In sequence, the story on the temple reliefs meaningful briefly as follows:
In accordance with the symbolic meaning of the foot of the temple, reliefs on stone-covered walls depict the law of karma. Rows of relief are not a serial story but in each frame was describes a story that has a causal correlation. Relief is not only give you an idea of human moral turpitude accompanied by penalties that will be obtained, but also the human good deeds and reward will be given. On the whole the story is a portrayal of human life in the circle of birth - life - death (samsara) that never ends, and with Buddhism - the chain will be terminated for to perfection.Lalitawistara
The story is about a depiction of the Buddha in a row of relief (but not a complete history) which starts from the Buddha's descent from "heaven Tusita, and ends with the first command in the Deer Park near the city of Banaras. Relief is a row of stairs to the south, after relief through the rows of 27 frames starting from the east side of the stairs. Frame-frame described activity, both in heaven and on earth, in preparation to welcome the presence of the last incarnation of The Bodhisattvas as the candidate of Buddha. Reliefs depict the birth of the Buddha in arcapada as Prince Siddhartha, son of King Suddhodana and Queen Maya of the State Kapilavastu. Relief amount to 120 frames, which ended with the first command, which is symbolically expressed as play Wheel of Dharma, the teachings of The Buddha called dharma which also means law, whereas the dharma is represented as a wheel. 
Jataka tales are stories of the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddharta. Protrusion of the contents is the subject of good works, which distinguishes the Bodhisattvas of other human beings. Indeed, the collection service / good deed is a preparation stage in the level of effort towards the Buddhahood.Awadana while basically similar to the Jataka but the culprit is not the Bodhisattvas, but other people and the stories collected in the book Diwyawadana which means noble godlike deeds, and the book Awadanasataka or a hundred stories Awadana. In the relief of Borobudur temple Jataka and awadana treated equally, which means they are in the same row without a distinguishable. The set of the most famous of the life of the Bodhisattvas is Jatakamala or strands Jataka stories, the work of Aryasura poet who lived in the 4th century AD
Gandawyuha
Stages of development of Borobudur
The first stageBorobudur temple construction period is not known certainly (estimated between 750 and 850 AD). Borobudur temple was originally built in the shape multilevel scheme. It seems designed as a pyramid-shaped like a ladder, but then this design changed. As evidence is the existence of the scheme dismantled.
The second stage
Borobudur foundation widened then added with two levels of shape "square and a circular level that directly provided a large stupa.
Third stage
At the top of the circle with a large stupa dismantled and removed and then replaced by three circles. Stupas built on top of this level with a large stupa in the middle.
Fourth Stage
There are small changes such as creating a relief, changes in the form of stairs, and changes in the arch above the door.
1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, a Governor-General of the United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of archaeological objects in the village of Borobudur. Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius to investigate the location of the discovery at that time the hill was filled with the bushes.
1900 - Dutch East Indies government established a committee of the restoration and maintenance of Borobudur temple.
1907 - Theodoor van Erp led the restoration until 1911.
1926 - Borobudur restored again, but stopped in 1940 due to malaise and the crisis of World War II.
1963 - The Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but not running as it should because the incident of G-30-S.
1968 - At a conference-15 in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.
1972 - International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and "Roosseno as chairman of this committee. UNESCO to provide 5 million U.S. dollars, the cost of restoration is estimated at 7750 million U.S. dollars. The rest of the shortage of restoration costs was borne by Indonesia.
August 10, 1973 - President Soeharto inaugurated the start of restoration of Borobudur; restoration was completed in 1984
January 21, 1985 - There was a bomb attack that destroyed several stupas at Borobudur Temple, it was soon restored. The attack carried out by extreme Islamic group led by Husein Ali Alhabsyi.
